In fixed-guideway public transit systems, offering
parallel express service is extremely costly...
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Construction expenditures for each rail line must be doubled
to cover the requisite tunnels and trackage.
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Capital expenditures must cover additional rolling stock.
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Express service increases the number of platforms at each
express station along with expanded concourses.
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For passengers, extra street level entrances are required,
along with support for circulation between concourses and platforms.
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Life-cycle costs for operations and maintenance are impacted
for express train service, not to mention energy consumption.
 Express
train service must confer enormous benefits indeed in order to justify
these outlays. Of course, one expects the main benefit of express
train service to take the form of reduced Trip Time.
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What are the real payoffs attributable
to express service?
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